Produk Alami 8 - Natural Product - 次级代谢产物 - 次級代謝產物 - Metabolit sekunder 2 (Secondary Metabolite)

PULIH MARI BALI WUTUH PURNA WALUYA JATI Secondary metabolite Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism. Unlike primary metabolites, absence of secondary metabolites does not result in immediate death, but rather in long-term impairment of the organism's survivability, fecundity, or aesthetics, or perhaps in no significant change at all. Secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group. Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavorings, and recreational drugs. Categories Most of the secondary metabolites of interest to humankind fit into categories which classify secondary metabolites based on their biosynthetic origin. Since secondary metabolites are often created by modified primary metabolite synthases, or "borrow" substrates of primary metabolite origin, these categories should not be interpreted as saying that all molecules in the category are secondary metabolites (for example the steroid category), but rather that there are secondary metabolites in these categories. Small "small molecules" Alkaloids (usually a small, heavily derivatized amino acid): Hyoscyamine, present in Datura stramonium Atropine, present in Atropa belladonna, Deadly nightshade Cocaine, present in Erythroxylon coca the Coca plant Scopolamine, present in the Solanaceae (nightshade) plant family Codeine and Morphine, present in Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy Tetrodotoxin, a microbial product in Fugu and some salamanders Vincristine & Vinblastine, mitotic inhibitors found in the Rosy Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) Fugu - 河豚 - 河魨 - 河鲀 - ふぐ料理（ふぐりょうり） adalah hidangan khas Jepang yang dibuat dari sejenis ikan buntel (biasanya spesies Takifugu, Lagocephalus, atau Sphoeroides) atau ikan landak (dari genus Diodon). Karena ikan buntel beracun, hanya koki terlatih yang boleh mempersiapkan hidangan ini.  紅鰭多紀魨 Takifugu rubripes Kandungan racun ikan buntel terdapat di hati, kelenjar gonad, dan kulit. Koki harus mempersiapkan hidangan ini sedemikian rupa agar sedikit racun tercampur ke dalam hidangan. Kandungan racun yang kecil ini memberi rasa nikmat di mulut dan membuat fugu sangat mahal. Namun bila dimakan terlalu banyak, racun ini akan membuat otot kaku sehingga bila tidak ditangani korban akan meninggal karena tidak dapat bernapas. Terpenoids (come from semiterpene oligomerization): Azadirachtin, (Neem tree) Artemisinin, present in Artemisia annua Chinese wormwood tetrahydrocannabinol, present in Cannabis Steroids (Terpenes with a particular ring structure) Saponins (plant steroids, often glycosylated) Glycosides (heavily modified sugar molecules): Nojirimycin Glucosinolates Natural phenols: Resveratrol Phenazines: Pyocyanin Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (and derivatives) Big "small molecules", produced by large, modular, "molecular factories" Polyketides: Erythromycin Discodermolide Fatty acid synthase products : FR-900848 U-106305 phloroglucinols Nonribosomal peptides: Vancomycin Thiostrepton Ramoplanin Teicoplanin Gramicidin Bacitracin Hybrids of the above three: Epothilone Polyphenols Non-"small molecules" - DNA, RNA, ribosome, or polysaccharide "classical" biopolymers Ribosomal peptides: Microcin-J25 Sumber